Psychology (PSY)
PSY 199, SPECIAL TOPICS, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 201, *GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Scientific study of behavior and experience. Neuroscience; sensation and perception; conditioning, learning and memory; thinking, problem solving, language, intelligence, and consciousness. NO LONGER TAUGHT. REPLACED WITH COMMON COURSE NUMBER PSY 201Z.
Attributes: CPSI – Bacc Core, Perspectives, Social Processes & Institutions; LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Equivalent to: PSY 201H, PSY 201HZ, PSY 201Z
Available via Ecampus
PSY 201H, *GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Scientific study of behavior and experience. Neuroscience; sensation and perception; conditioning, learning and memory; thinking, problem solving, language, intelligence, and consciousness. NO LONGER TAUGHT. REPLACED WITH COMMON COURSE NUMBER PSY 201HZ.
Attributes: CPSI – Bacc Core, Perspectives, Social Processes & Institutions; HNRS – Honors Course Designator; LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Equivalent to: PSY 201, PSY 201HZ, PSY 201Z
Available via Ecampus
PSY 201HZ, +*INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY I, 4 Credits
Introduces science and application of psychology. Emphasizes psychological concepts, theories, and principles related to: Research Methods, Behavioral Neuroscience, Consciousness, Sensation/Perception, Learning, Memory, Thinking and Intelligence, and related topics.
Attributes: CFSS – Core Ed - Social Science; CPSI – Bacc Core, Perspectives, Social Processes & Institutions; HNRS – Honors Course Designator; LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Equivalent to: PSY 201, PSY 201H, PSY 201Z
Available via Ecampus
PSY 201Z, +*INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY I, 4 Credits
Introduces science and application of psychology. Emphasizes psychological concepts, theories, and principles related to: Research Methods, Behavioral Neuroscience, Consciousness, Sensation/Perception, Learning, Memory, Thinking and Intelligence, and related topics.
Attributes: CFSS – Core Ed - Social Science; CPSI – Bacc Core, Perspectives, Social Processes & Institutions; LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Equivalent to: PSY 201, PSY 201H, PSY 201HZ
Available via Ecampus
PSY 202, *GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Scientific study of behavior and experience. Motivation and emotion; personality; social psychology, human development, psychopathology and psychotherapy. NO LONGER TAUGHT. REPLACED WITH COMMON COURSE NUMBER PSY 202Z.
Attributes: CPSI – Bacc Core, Perspectives, Social Processes & Institutions; LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Equivalent to: PSY 202H, PSY 202HZ, PSY 202Z
Available via Ecampus
PSY 202H, *GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Scientific study of behavior and experience. Motivation and emotion; personality; social psychology, human development, psychopathology and psychotherapy. NO LONGER TAUGHT. REPLACED WITH COMMON COURSE NUMBER PSY 202HZ.
Attributes: CPSI – Bacc Core, Perspectives, Social Processes & Institutions; HNRS – Honors Course Designator; LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Equivalent to: PSY 202, PSY 202HZ, PSY 202Z
Available via Ecampus
PSY 202HZ, +*INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY II, 4 Credits
Introduces science and application of psychology. Emphasizes psychological concepts, theories, and principles related to: Personality, Social Psychology, Health and Well-Being, Motivation and Emotion, Disorders, Therapies, Lifespan Development, and related topics.
Attributes: CFSS – Core Ed - Social Science; CPSI – Bacc Core, Perspectives, Social Processes & Institutions; HNRS – Honors Course Designator; LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
PSY 202Z, +*INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY II, 4 Credits
Introduces science and application of psychology. Emphasizes psychological concepts, theories, and principles related to: Personality, Social Psychology, Health and Well-Being, Motivation and Emotion, Disorders, Therapies, Lifespan Development, and related topics.
Attributes: CFSS – Core Ed - Social Science; CPSI – Bacc Core, Perspectives, Social Processes & Institutions; LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Equivalent to: PSY 202, PSY 202H, PSY 202HZ
Available via Ecampus
PSY 211, CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, 2 Credits
Explores careers for psychology majors and non-majors, including careers in industry, academia, clinical practice, and other options. Introduces students to relevant coursework, skills, and certifications necessary for a variety of careers. Prepares students to format materials for a successful internship, research experience, paid work, or volunteer search.
Available via Ecampus
PSY 297, THINKING LIKE A PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENTIST, 4 Credits
Develops thinking skills involved in empirical inquiry and evidence evaluation necessary to be a savvy consumer of psychological science. Critiques general media presentations of psychological science. Emphasizes ability to communicate clearly and effectively about psychological research, including methodological and ethical issues, based on an understanding of the strengths and limitations of empirical evidence.
Prerequisite: (MTH 105 with C- or better or MTH 105Z with C- or better or MTH 111 with C- or better or MTH 111Z with C- or better) and (PSY 201 [C-] or PSY 201H [C-] or PSY 201Z [C-] or PSY 201HZ [C-]) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 298, QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 4 Credits
Explores quantitative methods in psychological science, including descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation, one-way or two-way ANOVA, and regression. Discusses controversies and emerging practices in open psychological science. Examines methods of data reporting and visualization.
Prerequisite: PSY 297 with C- or better
Equivalent to: PSY 298H
Available via Ecampus
PSY 298H, QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 4 Credits
Explores quantitative methods in psychological science, including descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, correlation, one-way or two-way ANOVA, and regression. Discusses controversies and emerging practices in open psychological science. Examines methods of data reporting and visualization.
Attributes: HNRS – Honors Course Designator
Prerequisite: PSY 297 with C- or better
Equivalent to: PSY 298
PSY 299, SPECIAL TOPICS, 0-6 Credits
Equivalent to: PSY 299H
This course is repeatable for 30 credits.
PSY 299H, SPECIAL TOPICS, 0-6 Credits
Attributes: HNRS – Honors Course Designator
Equivalent to: PSY 299
This course is repeatable for 30 credits.
PSY 301, ^RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 4 Credits
Explores the principles of research design in the field of psychology. Emphasizes ability to identify research questions, formulate hypotheses to test those questions, and design a research study to test hypotheses. Develops ability to apply statistics and draw conclusions about research questions based on research design choices.
Attributes: CSWC – Core Ed - Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC); CWIC – Bacc Core, Skills, Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC)
Prerequisite: (PSY 298 with C- or better or PSY 298H with C- or better) or ((PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-]) and ST 352 [C-])
Equivalent to: PSY 301H
Available via Ecampus
PSY 301H, ^RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 4 Credits
Explores the principles of research design in the field of psychology. Emphasizes ability to identify research questions, formulate hypotheses to test those questions, and design a research study to test hypotheses. Develops ability to apply statistics and draw conclusions about research questions based on research design choices.
Attributes: CSWC – Core Ed - Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC); CWIC – Bacc Core, Skills, Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC); HNRS – Honors Course Designator
Prerequisite: (PSY 298 with C- or better or PSY 298H with C- or better) or ((PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-]) and ST 352 [C-])
Equivalent to: PSY 301
PSY 302, USER EXPERIENCE RESEARCH, 3 Credits
Design ethical, lab-based experimental research studies in humans’ interactions with computing technologies. Analyze and interpret quantitative and qualitative data using relevant inferential methods. Prepare reports and visualize data to communicate research findings.
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 298 [C-] or PSY 298H [C-] or ST 314 [C-] or ST 352 [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 311, TRANSFER TRANSITIONS: CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY, 2 Credits
Explores careers for psychology majors and non-majors with previous foundational psychology coursework, including careers in industry, academia, clinical practice, and other options. Introduces students to relevant coursework, skills, and certifications necessary for a variety of careers. Prepares students to format materials for a successful internship, research experience, paid work, or volunteer search.
Prerequisite: PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better or PSY 202 with C- or better or PSY 202H with C- or better or PSY 202Z with C- or better or PSY 202HZ with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 312, CAREERS IN HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION, 2 Credits
Explores various career options available in the field of human-computer interaction, and exposes students to working professionals and suggestions for career trajectories within the field.
Available via Ecampus
PSY 330, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR, 4 Credits
Introduction to the relationships of the structure and functioning of the human brain to behavior. Information from neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neurosurgery and neurology is combined with psychological research on both normal and abnormal human behavior.
Attributes: LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 340, COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Explores mental processes and considers their impact on behavior. Covers topics including perception, attention, memory, reasoning, decision making, and language.
Attributes: LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Prerequisite: PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better
Equivalent to: PSY 340H
Available via Ecampus
PSY 340H, COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Explores mental processes and considers their impact on behavior. Covers topics including perception, attention, memory, reasoning, decision making, and language.
Attributes: HNRS – Honors Course Designator; LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Prerequisite: PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better
Equivalent to: PSY 340
PSY 350, HUMAN LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT, 4 Credits
An introduction to physical, social, cognitive and linguistic development with an emphasis on theory and methodology.
Attributes: LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 360, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
The study of behavior and experience in a social context. Topics include person perception, attribution, attraction and love, attitudes and attitude change, aggression, social influence and group dynamics. Applications of social psychological principles to other fields, e.g., law, health care, etc.
Attributes: LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Equivalent to: PSY 360H
Available via Ecampus
PSY 360H, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
The study of behavior and experience in a social context. Topics include person perception, attribution, attraction and love, attitudes and attitude change, aggression, social influence and group dynamics. Applications of social psychological principles to other fields, e.g., law, health care, etc.
Attributes: HNRS – Honors Course Designator; LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Equivalent to: PSY 360
PSY 370, PERSONALITY, 4 Credits
An overview of major theories of personality is followed by an introduction to personality testing and research.
Attributes: LACS – Liberal Arts Social Core
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 381, ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Survey of various forms of psychological disorders; theories regarding etiology and treatment. Special emphasis on research approaches to such disorders.
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 399, SPECIAL TOPICS, 1-6 Credits
Equivalent to: PSY 399H
This course is repeatable for 30 credits.
PSY 399H, SPECIAL TOPICS, 1-6 Credits
Attributes: HNRS – Honors Course Designator
Equivalent to: PSY 399
This course is repeatable for 30 credits.
PSY 401, RESEARCH, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
Available via Ecampus
PSY 402, INDEPENDENT STUDY, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 403, THESIS, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 405, READING AND CONFERENCE, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 406, PROJECTS, 0-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 407, SEMINAR, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 408, WORKSHOP, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 410, PSYCHOLOGY INTERNSHIP, 1-16 Credits
Professional experience applying psychological science in a variety of employment settings under joint faculty and employer supervision.
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
Available via Ecampus
PSY 411, PSYCHOLOGY CAPSTONE, 4 Credits
Serves as culminating experience in the psychology major. Examines various career and educational paths in the psychological sciences, implementing specific training paths that align with career goals. Shares tools to help students finish their undergraduate degree and prepare for the job market or graduate school. Emphasizes the development of practical skills desired by psychology-related employers and the synthesis, reflection, and application of skills, content, and experiences in the major.
Available via Ecampus
PSY 426, *PSYCHOLOGY OF GENDER, 4 Credits
Survey of theories, life cycles and contemporary problems of women and men in a social context. Scientific examination of gender related to psychological functioning and behavior. Topics can include psychological research on human similarities and differences in gender attitudes, relationships, sexuality, violence, employment, and mental health.
Attributes: CPDP – Bacc Core, Perspectives, Difference/Power/Discrimination
Prerequisite: PSY 202 with D- or better or PSY 202H with D- or better or PSY 202Z with D- or better or PSY 202HZ with D- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 427, PSYCHOLOGY OF RACE AND RACISM, 4 Credits
Introduces psychological theories and concepts pertaining to different racial groups in the United States. Explores racism in the U.S. and its psychological effect on racial identity and the intersections of race, ethnicity, sex, gender identity, social class, and nationality. Develops cultural competence and humility to prepare students to live and work with individuals from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds.
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Equivalent to: PSY 427X
Available via Ecampus
PSY 428, PSYCHOLOGY AND THE LAW, 4 Credits
Explores a range of legal issues that are informed by behavioral sciences research in general, and psychology in particular. Focuses on areas including but not limited to psychologists and the legal system; lawyers: socialization, training and ethics; morality and justice; forensic assessment; competency and insanity; eyewitness identification; jury selection theories on crime; punishment and sentencing. Considers issues of culture, gender, and age as they pertain to the specific topics.
Prerequisite: PSY 360 with C- or better or PSY 360H with C- or better or PSY 370 with C- or better or PSY 381 with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 432, PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Basic vertebrate neurophysiology and neuroanatomy in relation to behavior. Neural and hormonal correlates of sensation, learning, memory and motivation.
Prerequisite: PSY 330 with C- or better
Recommended: Biological science background
PSY 433, PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, 4 Credits
Drug-brain-behavior interactions. Psychoactive drugs and their relationships to normal and abnormal behavior in humans.
Recommended: Upper-division standing and biological science background
PSY 437, MOTIVATION, 4 Credits
Biological, learning, and cognitive approaches to human and animal motivation. Topics include evolution, homeostasis, drive, arousal, incentive motivation, achievement motivation, and social motivation.
Prerequisite: (PSY 330 with C- or better or PSY 340 with C- or better or PSY 340H with C- or better) and (PSY 301 [C-] or PSY 301H [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 440, ^COGNITION RESEARCH, 4 Credits
Advanced scientific methodology primarily in the areas of attention, learning, memory, and thinking. Students will design their own research projects, collect and analyze data, and write a professional report.
Attributes: CSWC – Core Ed - Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC); CWIC – Bacc Core, Skills, Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC)
Prerequisite: (PSY 301 with D- or better or PSY 301H with D- or better) and (PSY 340 [D-] or PSY 340H [D-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 442, PERCEPTION, 4 Credits
Fundamental concepts of animal and human sensation and perception, with emphasis on audition and vision. Applications of psychophysical methods to research in all sensory modalities. Includes review workshops on basic mathematical, physical and physiological concepts necessary to interpret research in this field.
Prerequisite: (PSY 301 with C- or better or PSY 301H with C- or better) and (PSY 330 [C-] or PSY 340 [C-] or PSY 340H [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 444, LEARNING AND MEMORY, 4 Credits
Experimental and theoretical work on learning, conditioning, and memory in animals and humans.
Prerequisite: (PSY 301 with C- or better or PSY 301H with C- or better) and (PSY 340 [C-] or PSY 340H [C-])
PSY 446, PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION, 4 Credits
Explore biological, behavioral, perceptual, cognitive and social issues relevant to how humans interact with other computing technology from a psychological science perspective. Evaluate, design, and experimentally test human computer interactions using experimental methods in psychological science.
Prerequisite: PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better
Recommended: PSY 340
Available via Ecampus
PSY 448, CONSCIOUSNESS, 4 Credits
Psychological, phenomenological, and physiological approaches to the content and processes of subjective awareness. Topics include philosophical issues, cortical and reticular neurophysiology, sleeping and dreaming, selective attention, imagery, and self-awareness.
Prerequisite: (PSY 301 with C- or better or PSY 301H with C- or better) and (PSY 340 [C-] or PSY 340H [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 450, ^EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Examines psychological theories of learning applied to educational contexts including behaviorism, information processing, social cognitivism, and constructivism. Emphasizes on review of literature in selected topic area and writing a psychological research or program proposal.
Attributes: CSWC – Core Ed - Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC); CWIC – Bacc Core, Skills, Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC)
Prerequisite: (PSY 301 with C- or better or PSY 301H with C- or better) and (PSY 340 [C-] or PSY 340H [C-] or PSY 350 [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 452, CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Explores meanings of culture. Examines topics in cognitive, social, developmental, and health psychology in light of various cultural backgrounds, orientations, and forces. Emphasizes contemporary applications of empirical findings from cross-cultural psychological research. Develops a historical, ecological, and global perception of psychology.
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
PSY 454, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, 4 Credits
Discusses intellectual development from infancy to adulthood. Topics include the origin of thinking, the development of perception, attention, memory, problem solving, language, academic skills, and social cognition. Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing approaches will be discussed.
Prerequisite: PSY 350 with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 456, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, 4 Credits
Covers theories and research concerning human social development. Topics include theories of socialization; the development of social relationships; the self-concept; emotion; sex roles; social cognition; pro-social behavior; morality; self-control; and aggression.
Prerequisite: PSY 350 with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 457, AUTISM AND NEURODIVERSITY, 4 Credits
Examines autism and neurodiversity from a psychological perspective. Emphasizes the scientific basis of autism and neurodiversity, with an emphasis on research co-created with autistic researchers and reflecting the lived experience of autistic and neurodivergent individuals, including those with a range of support needs, in social context. Critically examines historical and current diagnostic criteria and processes, evidence-based therapies, interventions and supports, and inclusive workplace, educational, legal, and healthcare environments that allow autistic and neurodivergent people to enjoy fulfilling, interdependent lives in community with other neurotypical and neurodivergent people.
Prerequisite: (PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better or PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better) and (PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-] or PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 458, LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, 4 Credits
Psychological processes involved in the acquisition and use of language throughout childhood. Biological, cognitive, and social influences on language will be discussed, as well as personal uses of language, such as language in thought and reading.
Prerequisite: PSY 350 with C- or better
PSY 460, ^ADVANCED SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS, 4 Credits
Advanced experimental research methods in the social sciences. Issues in psychological construct operationalization, experimental design, data collection, analysis, and report writing will be emphasized.
Attributes: CSWC – Core Ed - Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC); CWIC – Bacc Core, Skills, Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC)
Prerequisite: (PSY 301 with D- or better or PSY 301H with D- or better) and (PSY 360 [D-] or PSY 360H [D-])
Equivalent to: PSY 460H
Available via Ecampus
PSY 460H, ^ADVANCED SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS, 4 Credits
Advanced experimental research methods in the social sciences. Issues in psychological construct operationalization, experimental design, data collection, analysis, and report writing will be emphasized.
Attributes: CSWC – Core Ed - Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC); CWIC – Bacc Core, Skills, Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC); HNRS – Honors Course Designator
Prerequisite: (PSY 301 with D- or better or PSY 301H with D- or better) and (PSY 360 [D-] or PSY 360H [D-])
Equivalent to: PSY 460
PSY 462, PSYCHOLOGY OF DISABILITY, 4 Credits
Examines disability from social psychological and disability studies perspectives. Emphasizes the social construction of disability and its inter- and intra-personal ramifications. Explores stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination, adaptation to disability, disability identity, working with people with disabilities, intersectionality, and sexuality.
Prerequisite: PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better or PSY 202 with C- or better or PSY 202H with C- or better or PSY 202Z with C- or better or PSY 202HZ with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 463, JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING, 4 Credits
Explores ways to improve judgment and decision making through the application of research from cognitive psychology. Emphasis on development of critical thinking skills.
Prerequisite: PSY 340 with C- or better or PSY 340H with C- or better
PSY 464, SOCIAL COGNITION, 4 Credits
Research and theory concerning cognitive structures and processes underlying social judgment and social behavior. Topics include attribution theory, social inference, person memory, schema-based information processing.
Prerequisite: PSY 360 with C- or better or PSY 360H with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 467, POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Survey of classic and contemporary perspectives in political psychology. Special focus on how citizens form political judgments. Topics include personality, affect, cognition, group influence, voting, nationalism, and political tolerance.
Prerequisite: PSY 360 with C- or better or PSY 360H with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 468, THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS, 4 Credits
Explores the research and theory on the development, maintenance, and dissolution of human relationships. Examines various directions to the study of interpersonal relationships, including attachment, evolutionary-biological, cognition, and interdependence. Topics include physical attraction, love, friendship, communication, trust, jealousy, and several issues that are specific to troubled dyadic relations.
Prerequisite: PSY 360 with C- or better or PSY 360H with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 476, NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR, 4 Credits
Examines empirical findings, phenomena, and theories related to nonverbal behavior and its perception from a psychological perspective. Covers topics including: theories of nonverbal behavior encoding, decoding, and their accuracy; the neurophysiological basis for nonverbal behavior; valid assessments of nonverbal behavior abilities; and the impact that nonverbal behavior has on interaction processes and social relationships.
Prerequisite: PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better or PSY 202 with C- or better or PSY 202H with C- or better or PSY 202Z with C- or better or PSY 202HZ with C- or better
PSY 480, ^CLINICAL RESEARCH METHODS, 4 Credits
Advanced research methods used in clinical psychology research. Design of studies, assessment, data collection, and interpretation will be discussed. The clinical content area focused on will vary.
Attributes: CSWC – Core Ed - Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC); CWIC – Bacc Core, Skills, Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC)
Prerequisite: (PSY 301 with D- or better or PSY 301H with D- or better) and PSY 381 [D-]
PSY 482, PSYCHOTHERAPY, 4 Credits
Survey of the theory, techniques and research on the major contemporary systems of psychotherapy.
Prerequisite: PSY 370 with C- or better or PSY 380 with C- or better or PSY 381 with C- or better or PSY 481 with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 483, DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Developmental perspective on child and adolescent psychological disorders including causal factors, associated features, and research-supported interventions.
Prerequisite: PSY 350 with C- or better or PSY 381 with C- or better or PSY 481 with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 484, ^PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTION, 4 Credits
Focuses on the psychological factors in drug and behavioral addictions and associated interventions. The approach will be biopsychosocial, addressing neurobiological, behavioral, psychological, and social factors that influence addiction. Topics will include epidemiology and public health impact, diagnosis, models of addiction, and intervention and treatment approaches.
Attributes: CSWC – Core Ed - Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC); CWIC – Bacc Core, Skills, Writing Intensive Curriculum (WIC)
Prerequisite: H 220 with C- or better or PSY 301 with C- or better or PSY 301H with C- or better or SOC 315 with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 485, BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION, 4 Credits
Review of basics of operant and classical conditioning. Research on behavior modification and behavior therapy with both normal and abnormal animals, human adults, and children. Application areas include behavior problems, handicaps, eating disorders, time management, self-control stress management, contingency contracts, and cognitive therapies.
Prerequisite: PSY 350 with C- or better or PSY 380 with C- or better or PSY 381 with C- or better or PSY 481 with C- or better
Recommended: Background work in family life or education
Available via Ecampus
PSY 486, YOGA AND MENTAL HEALTH, 4 Credits
Examines the use of yoga in psychological practice with a particular focus on managing mental and physical illnesses.
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
PSY 488, PSYCHOLOGY OF TRAUMA, OPPRESSION, AND RESILIENCE, 4 Credits
Focuses on the psychological science of humans' reactions to traumatic events. Critically examines the social and cultural context for those events and reactions, including systemic racism, sexism, and other forms of oppression. Explores the psychological science of healing, resilience, and liberation, in the context of evidence-based clinical psychological treatments, institutional courage, and societal change.
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 492, CONSERVATION PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Explores connections between the study of human behavior and the achievement of conservation goals. Understanding how people think about and interact with nature is crucial for promoting environmental sustainability and human well-being. Students will examine theory and research on human cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to nature.
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Equivalent to: PSY 492H
Available via Ecampus
PSY 492H, CONSERVATION PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Explores connections between the study of human behavior and the achievement of conservation goals. Understanding how people think about and interact with nature is crucial for promoting environmental sustainability and human well-being. Students will examine theory and research on human cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to nature.
Attributes: HNRS – Honors Course Designator
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Equivalent to: PSY 492
Available via Ecampus
PSY 493, POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Psychological theory, research, and interventions directed at how humans can flourish and identify and enhance positive strengths. Topics include positive emotional and cognitive states and processes, prosocial behavior, positive school and work environments, and discovering meaning in life.
Prerequisite: PSY 360 with C- or better or PSY 360H with C- or better or PSY 370 with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 494, ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Survey human capabilities and limitations in human-machine interaction, including vision, memory, attention, motor control, and human error. Emphasis on theory and implications for system designs.
Prerequisite: PSY 340 with C- or better or PSY 340H with C- or better
Recommended: PSY 301
Available via Ecampus
PSY 495, PSYCHOLOGY OF MEDITATION, 4 Credits
Explores the psychological processes of meditation, and requires regular meditation sessions by students. Readings ranging from traditional Eastern philosophy to empirical psychological research journal articles will focus on outcomes and effective methods of meditation practice.
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
Available via Ecampus
PSY 496, INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Survey of psychological research and theory relevant to organizations, industry, and other work settings. Topics include training, employee selection, performance evaluation, work attitudes, and motivation.
Prerequisite: PSY 360 with C- or better or PSY 360H with C- or better or PSY 370 with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 497, EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Evolutionary approach to the study of psychology. Focus on psychological mechanisms as evolved traits.
Prerequisite: (PSY 201 with C- or better or PSY 201H with C- or better or PSY 201Z with C- or better or PSY 201HZ with C- or better) and (PSY 202 [C-] or PSY 202H [C-] or PSY 202Z [C-] or PSY 202HZ [C-])
PSY 498, HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Psychological factors in the maintenance of good health and in the prevention of, treatment of, and recovery from illness: Behavioral contributions to illness, life-style risk factors, stress and the immune system, psychological response to symptoms and care-givers, health habits and self-care, management of pain and chronic illness, disability and terminal illness.
Prerequisite: PSY 330 with C- or better or PSY 340 with C- or better or PSY 340H with C- or better or PSY 350 with C- or better or PSY 360 with C- or better or PSY 360H with C- or better or PSY 370 with C- or better or PSY 381 with C- or better or PSY 481 with C- or better
Available via Ecampus
PSY 499, SPECIAL TOPICS, 1-16 Credits
Newly emerging or specialized topics that can only be offered occasionally or for particular purposes. Each offering will be structured with a syllabus.
Equivalent to: PSY 422, PSY 499H
This course is repeatable for 30 credits.
PSY 499H, SPECIAL TOPICS, 1-16 Credits
Newly emerging or specialized topics that can only be offered occasionally or for particular purposes. Each offering will be structured with a syllabus.
Attributes: HNRS – Honors Course Designator
Equivalent to: PSY 499
PSY 501, RESEARCH, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 99 credits.
PSY 502, INDEPENDENT STUDY, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 503, THESIS, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 999 credits.
PSY 505, READING AND CONFERENCE, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 506, PROJECTS, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 507, SEMINAR, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 508, WORKSHOP, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 509, PRACTICUM, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 99 credits.
PSY 510, PSYCHOLOGY INTERNSHIP, 1-16 Credits
Professional experience applying psychological science in a variety of employment settings under joint faculty and employer supervision.
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
Available via Ecampus
PSY 514, RESEARCH METHODS I, 4 Credits
An introduction to the tools and methods that psychologists use to examine the processes that underlie human behavior. Emphasis is on the skills necessary for completing a research study: hypothesis formulation, design criteria, data collection, analysis, interpretation, write-up, and presentation of results. Utilizes a combination of readings, discussions, and class exercises. Course culminates in an independent research project proposal.
Prerequisite: ST 511 with B- or better
PSY 515, METHODS AND ETHICS FOR CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS, 1-4 Credits
Introduces ethical, legal, and professional issues associated with the practice of clinical psychology, as well as the theoretical and research bases of ethical clinical psychological practice. Through hands-on practice with evidence-based psychotherapy skills, examines basics of ethical, effective, culturally-, disability-, gender-affirming psychotherapy. Reviews ethics codes, including the American Psychological Association’s ethics code, as well as policies and laws regarding the practice of clinical psychology.
This course is repeatable for 4 credits.
PSY 516, CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS, AND VARIATION IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 1-4 Credits
Examines the theoretical and scientific basis of prominent categorical, dimensional, and transdiagnostic approaches to the classification and diagnosis of psychopathology. Evaluates research design, methods, and ethics that underlie the empirical basis of effective classification and evaluation of interventions. Explores the theoretical and empirical bases for understanding psychological functioning in the context of human variation and diversity, including culturally-, disability-, and gender-affirming approaches.
This course is repeatable for 4 credits.
PSY 521, ISSUES IN PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, 1 Credit
Professional development seminar focused on professional issues specific to the field of research-based psychology. Includes writing for publication, professional speaking, professional development and leadership, and current professional and research controversies. Each iteration of the course over the academic year will have a different focus.
This course is repeatable for 3 credits.
PSY 523, ETHICS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 1 Credit
Covers research ethics in psychology. Topics include the history of research-oriented ethical guidelines, ethical principles, working with an IRB, questionable research practices, and fraud. Meets OSU’s Learning Outcome regarding the ethical conduct of research.
Recommended: An undergraduate-level psychological research methods course
PSY 526, PSYCHOLOGY OF GENDER, 4 Credits
Survey of theories, life cycles and contemporary problems of women and men in a social context. Scientific examination of gender related to psychological functioning and behavior. Topics can include psychological research on human similarities and differences in gender attitudes, relationships, sexuality, violence, employment, and mental health.
Recommended: PSY 202Z
PSY 527, PSYCHOLOGY OF RACE AND RACISM, 4 Credits
Introduces psychological theories and concepts pertaining to different racial groups in the United States. Explores racism in the U.S. and its psychological effect on racial identity and the intersections of race, ethnicity, sex, gender identity, social class, and nationality. Develops cultural competence and humility to prepare students to live and work with individuals from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds.
Equivalent to: PSY 527X
PSY 531, GRADUATE BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE, 4 Credits
Neurobiological underpinnings of behavior examining animal and human research on neural structure and function in relation to typical and atypical behavior, including psychiatric disorders.
PSY 541, GRADUATE SEMINAR IN COGNITION, 4 Credits
Cognitive psychology studies the processes by which human beings notice, encode, remember, and use information. A graduate-level survey that covers the history, methods, important findings, and major theories of the field, with an emphasis on reading and critically analyzing articles from the primary research literature. Topics of interest will include perception and object recognition, attention, working memory, long-term memory, concepts and categorization, and judgment and decision making.
PSY 542, PERCEPTION, 4 Credits
Fundamental concepts of animal and human sensation and perception, with emphasis on audition and vision. Applications of psychophysical methods to research in all sensory modalities. Includes review workshops on basic mathematical, physical and physiological concepts necessary to interpret research in this field.
PSY 544, LEARNING AND MEMORY, 4 Credits
Experimental and theoretical work on learning, conditioning, and memory in animals and humans.
PSY 546, PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION, 4 Credits
Explore biological, behavioral, perceptual, cognitive and social issues relevant to how humans interact with other computing technology from a psychological science perspective. Evaluate, design, and experimentally test human computer interactions using experimental methods in psychological science.
PSY 551, LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, 4 Credits
The study of human change and stability over time. Topics may include, but are not limited to, theories, methodological approaches, and contexts for development, social development, cognitive development, and biopsychosocial processes including temperament and personality, resilience, health, thriving, emotion regulation, and developmental contexts.
PSY 552, CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Explores meanings of culture. Examines topics in cognitive, social, developmental, and health psychology in light of various cultural backgrounds, orientations, and forces. Emphasizes contemporary applications of empirical findings from cross-cultural psychological research. Develops a historical, ecological, and global perception of psychology.
PSY 554, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, 4 Credits
Discusses intellectual development from infancy to adulthood. Topics include the origin of thinking, the development of perception, attention, memory, problem solving, language, academic skills, and social cognition. Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing approaches will be discussed.
Recommended: PSY 350
PSY 556, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, 4 Credits
Covers theories and research concerning human social development. Topics include theories of socialization; the development of social relationships; the self-concept; emotion; sex roles; social cognition; pro-social behavior; morality; self-control; and aggression.
Recommended: PSY 350
PSY 557, AUTISM AND NEURODIVERSITY, 4 Credits
Examines autism and neurodiversity from a psychological perspective. Emphasizes the scientific basis of autism and neurodiversity, with an emphasis on research co-created with autistic researchers and reflecting the lived experience of autistic and neurodivergent individuals, including those with a range of support needs, in social context. Critically examines historical and current diagnostic criteria and processes, evidence-based therapies, interventions and supports, and inclusive workplace, educational, legal, and healthcare environments that allow autistic and neurodivergent people to enjoy fulfilling, interdependent lives in community with other neurotypical and neurodivergent people.
Available via Ecampus
PSY 558, LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, 4 Credits
Psychological processes involved in the acquisition and use of language throughout childhood. Biological, cognitive, and social influences on language will be discussed, as well as personal uses of language, such as language in thought and reading.
Recommended: PSY 350
PSY 561, GRADUATE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
A graduate level survey course of the theories, methods, and empirical findings that constitute the field of social psychology. Topics will include, but not be limited to, person perception, social cognition, attitudes, attitude change, persuasion, interpersonal attraction, relationships, small-group processes, altruism, and aggression.
PSY 562, PSYCHOLOGY OF DISABILITY, 4 Credits
Examines disability from social psychological and disability studies perspectives. Emphasizes the social construction of disability and its inter- and intra-personal ramifications. Explores stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination, adaptation to disability, disability identity, working with people with disabilities, intersectionality, and sexuality.
PSY 571, GRADUATE PSYCHOMETRICS, 4 Credits
A graduate level introduction to psychological testing theory and practice, and to ethical, sociopolitical, psychological, and psychometric issues in the use of psychological tests. Particularly emphasizes basic psychometric principles that are important in scale construction, test evaluation, and practical assessment.
PSY 576, NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR, 4 Credits
Examines empirical findings, phenomena, and theories related to nonverbal behavior and its perception from a psychological perspective. Covers topics including: theories of nonverbal behavior encoding, decoding, and their accuracy; the neurophysiological basis for nonverbal behavior; valid assessments of nonverbal behavior abilities; and the impact that nonverbal behavior has on interaction processes and social relationships.
PSY 581, GRADUATE SEMINAR IN CLINICAL RESEARCH AND THEORY, 4 Credits
Focuses on major concepts, theory, and empirical findings on the causes and treatment of psychological disorders. The seminar emphasizes culture, context, bias, and stigma, as well as application of principles of clinical science to students' graduate program research agendas.
PSY 582, PSYCHOTHERAPY, 4 Credits
Survey of the theory, techniques and research on the major contemporary systems of psychotherapy.
PSY 583, DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Developmental perspective on child and adolescent psychological disorders including causal factors, associated features, and research-supported interventions.
PSY 584, PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTION, 4 Credits
Focuses on the psychological factors in drug and behavioral addictions and associated interventions. The approach will be biopsychosocial, addressing neurobiological, behavioral, psychological, and social factors that influence addiction. Topics will include epidemiology and public health impact, diagnosis, models of addiction, and intervention and treatment approaches.
PSY 585, BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION, 4 Credits
Review of basics of operant and classical conditioning. Research on behavior modification and behavior therapy with both normal and abnormal animals, human adults, and children. Application areas include: behavior problems, handicaps, eating disorders, time management, self-control, stress management, contingency contracts, and cognitive therapies.
Recommended: PSY 350 or equivalent work in family life or education.
PSY 588, PSYCHOLOGY OF TRAUMA, OPPRESSION, AND RESILIENCE, 4 Credits
Focuses on the psychological science of humans' reactions to traumatic events. Critically examines the social and cultural context for those events and reactions, including systemic racism, sexism, and other forms of oppression. Explores the psychological science of healing, resilience, and liberation, in the context of evidence-based clinical psychological treatments, institutional courage, and societal change.
PSY 591, GRADUATE SEMINAR IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Covers the theories, methods, and empirical findings that constitute the field of health psychology. Topics include, but are not limited to, the interaction of multiple factors involved in etiology, prevention, treatment, and course of illness and disability; health behavior, health promotion, and health risks; stress and coping in health; long-term care and adaptation to chronic illness or disability; practice of institutional healthcare.
PSY 594, ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Survey human capabilities and limitations in human-machine interaction, including vision, memory, attention, motor control, and human error. Emphasis on theory and implications for system designs.
PSY 595, PSYCHOLOGY OF MEDITATION, 4 Credits
Explores the psychological processes of meditation, and requires regular meditation sessions by students. Readings ranging from traditional Eastern philosophy to empirical psychological research journal articles will focus on outcomes and effective methods of meditation practice.
PSY 596, INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Survey of psychological research and theory relevant to organizations, industry, and other work settings. Topics include training, employee selection, performance evaluation, work attitudes, and motivation.
Recommended: PSY 360 or PSY 370
Available via Ecampus
PSY 598, HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Psychological factors in the maintenance of good health and in the prevention of, treatment of, and recovery from illness: Behavioral contributions to illness, life-style risk factors, stress and the immune system, psychological response to symptoms and care-givers, health habits and self-care, management of pain and chronic illness, disability and terminal illness.
Recommended: 300-level course in psychology.
PSY 599, SPECIAL TOPICS, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 99 credits.
PSY 601, RESEARCH, 1-16 Credits
Research credits for PhD students in Psychological Science.
This course is repeatable for 99 credits.
PSY 602, INDEPENDENT STUDY, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 603, THESIS/DISSERTATION, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 999 credits.
PSY 605, READING AND CONFERENCE, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 606, SPECIAL PROJECTS, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 607, SEMINAR, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 608, WORKSHOP, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 16 credits.
PSY 609, PRACTICUM, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 999 credits.
PSY 640, TOPICS IN ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
This course is repeatable for 99 credits.
PSY 649, ADVANCED ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
Advanced survey of human information processing and performance in human-technology systems, with emphasis on theory, methodology, and implications for system analysis and design.
PSY 660, TOPICS IN APPLIED COGNITION, 4 Credits
This course is repeatable for 99 credits.
PSY 690, TOPICS IN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY, 4 Credits
This course is repeatable for 99 credits.
PSY 697, GRADUATE PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE OF TEACHING AND LEARNING, 4 Credits
For graduate students of all majors on the translation of cognitive, social, and developmental psychological science for the practice of university teaching and learning. Topics include memory, attention, metacognition, motivation, interpersonal and developmental processes, and individual differences. Emphasis on critical review of theories and methods, and practical applications for university teaching.
PSY 699, SPECIAL TOPICS, 1-16 Credits
This course is repeatable for 99 credits.